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Welcome 9 About the Author 10 Introduction 13 Table of Contents 35 Chapter 1. The Skeletal System and Vegetarianism 1.1. Bone Function and Remodeling 47 1.2. Bone Health and Acid-Base Homeostasis 51 1.3. Food Types and Acidogenesis 54 1.4. Animal Protein Intake and Calcium Balance 56 1.5. Vegetarians and Calcium Balance 61 1.6. Calcium Amount and Absorption in Vegetarian Foods 65 1.7. Calcium Intake and the RDI Fiction 67 1.8. Conclusion 71 References 72 Chapter 2. The Urinary System and Vegetarianism 2.1. Structure and Function of the Urinary System 77 2.2. Kidney Disease and Low-Protein Diets 80 2.3. Veganism and Low-Protein, Low-Phosphate Diets 84 2.4. Fiber and Promoting Nitrogen Enterohepatic Circulation 87 2.5. Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis 90 2.6. Hyperuricemia, Uric Acid Stones, Gout, and the Vegetarian Diet 92 2.7. The Vegetarian Diet is Effective in Treating Gout 94 2.8. Conclusion 98 References 99 Chapter 3. The Cardiovascular System and Vegetarianism 3.1. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System 103 3.2. Energy Sources in the Human Body and the Importance of Lipids 105 3.3. Energy Metabolism Differs Between the Postprandial and Fasting States 108 3.4. Lipid Flow and the Importance of Lipoproteins 108 3.5. Hyperlipidemia and the Randle Cycle: Competition Between Carbohydrates and Lipids for Oxidation 116 3.6. High Calorie Intake and the Progression of Metabolic Syndrome 119 3.7. The Progression of Atherosclerosis 123 3.8. Atherosclerosis and Cholesterol 125 3.9. Colin Campbell's Study in China 127 3.10. Vegetarianism and Myocardial Infarction 129 3.11. Mediterranean Diet and Myocardial Infarction 131 3.12. Nuts and Ischemic Heart Disease 133 3.13. Fiber Prevents Cardiovascular Disease 135 3.14. Saturated Fat and Cardiovascular Disease 138 3.15 Differences in Fat Intake between Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians 140 3.16. Iron Function 141 3.17. Iron Circulation and Intake in the Body 143 3.18. Blood Iron Levels and Diabetes 146 3.19. Heme Iron in Meat and the Development of Diabetes 150 3.20. Ferritin and Transferrin 151 3.21. Cardiovascular Disease and Iron Overload 153 3.22. Vegetarianism is More Effective than Low-Low-Protein Meat Diets in Preventing Cardiovascular Disease 154 3.23. Comparison of Iron Levels in Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians 156 3.24. Metabolic Syndrome and Energy Excess Relief 158 3.25. Fasting and Vegetarianism in the Treatment of Diabetics 159 3.26. Fasting and Vegetarianism in the Treatment of a Woman in Her 60s After Heart Surgery 162 3.27. Three Ways Cells Die 167 3.28. Regulators and Progression of Apoptosis 168 3.29. Apoptosis's Effects on Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer Treatment 171 3.30. Iron Excess and the Inhibitory Effect of Lipofuscin on Apoptosis 174 3.31. Metabolic Changes During Fasting 176 3.32. Conclusion 177 References 178 Chapter 4. Digestive System and Vegetarianism 4.1. Structure and Function of the Digestive System 185 4.2. The Importance of Whole Grain Consumption 187 4.3. Changes in Dietary Fiber Intake 190 4.4. Discovery of Fiber 192 4.5. Stool Volume, Transit Rate, and Moisture 194 4.6. Effects of Fiber on Glucose Metabolism 197 4.7. Comparison of Nutrient Absorption Rates of Whole and Refined Grains 200 4.8. Fiber Intake and Metabolic Syndrome 202 4.9. Constipation 204 4.10. Differences in Gut Microbiota Between Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians 206 4.11. Oxford Vegetarian Study on Colorectal Cancer 208 4.12. Anticancer Effects of Fresh Vegetables 211 4.13. Heat Affects Food Structure and Digestibility 214 4.14. Carcinogens in Meat 217 4.15. Processed Meat Products Are More Dangerous 222 4.16. Diet, Obesity, Reflux, Esophageal Cancer, and the Causes of Cardiac Cancer 224 4.17. Immigrant Studies 226 4.18. Causes of the High Rate of Gastric Cancer in Koreans 230 4.19. Causes of Pancreatic Cancer 233 4.20. Comparison of Fiber Intakes between Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians 234 4.21. Brown Rice Healing Period 236 4.22. Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and the Importance of Fruits, Vegetables, and Whole Grains 240 4.23. Conclusion 244 References 245 Chapter 5. The Nervous System and Vegetarianism 5.1. Structure and Role of the Nervous System 251 5.2. IQ Tests in Vegetarian Children 263 5.3 The Protective Effects of Antioxidants on the Brain and Neurons 270 5.4. Antioxidants and Alzheimer's Disease 273 5.5. Excessive Mineral Intake and Brain Damage 276 5.6. Vascular Dementia 279 5.7. Postpartum Depression and Essential Fatty Acids in Pregnant Women 281 5.8. Omega-3 Fat Intake and DHA and EPA in Vegetarians 284 5.9. Risks of Lipid Peroxidation 287 5.10. DHA Deficiency and Suicidal Tendency 288 5.11. McLean's Trinity Brain Hypothesis and the Vegetarian Brain 291 5.12. Personality, Individuality, Ego, and the Whole Brain 293 5.13. Differences in Dietary Patterns, Empathy, and Brain Activity 295 References 296 Chapter 6. Respiratory System and Vegetarianism 6.1. Structure and Function of the Respiratory System 301 Gas Exchange in the Alveoli 303 6.2. Acid-Base Balance and Vegetarianism 308 6.3. Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Cancer 312 6.4. Low-Protein Vegetarian Diets and Increased Oxygen Consumption 313 6.5. Anaerobic Fermentation and Cancer 315 6.6. Alveolar Ventilation 319 6.7. The Interaction Between Anxiety and Respiration 321 References 323 Chapter 7. The Reproductive System and Vegetarianism 7.1. Structure and Function of the Reproductive System 329 7.2. The Male Reproductive System 330 7.3. The Female Reproductive System 332 7.4. The Ovarian and Uterine Cycles 334 7.5. The Ovarian and Uterine Cycles and Hormones 336 7.6. Fertilization of Sperm and Egg 338 7.7. Vegetarianism and the Menstrual Cycle: Reduction in Menstrual Pain 339 7.8. Vegetarianism and Changes in the Menstrual Period 342 7.9. Healthy Sperm and Endocrine Disorders 346 7.10. Heavy Metals, Sperm, and Vegetarianism 350 7.11. Oxidants, Sperm, and Vegetarianism 352 7.12. Fetal Health and the Fetal Programming Hypothesis 355 7.13. The Role of the Placenta in Fetal Programming 356 7.14. Maternal Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease in Adult Fetuses 358 7.15. Fatty Acids and Maternal Health 360 7.16. Gestational Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome 362 7.17. Is a Vegetarian Diet Beneficial for the Placenta and Fetus? 365 7.18. Conclusion 368 References 369 Chapter 8. The Immune System and Vegetarianism 8.1. Definition of the Immune System 375 8.2. Structure and Function of the Immune System 376 Lymphatic Organs 376 Nonspecific and Specific Immunity 378 T Cell Immune Function 380 8.3. Chronic Inflammation and Carcinogenesis 384 8.4. Asthma and Omega-3 Fatty Acids 389 8.5. Principles of Asthma Treatment with Omega-3 Fatty Acids 392 8.6. Dietary Therapy for Asthma 394 8.7. Vegetarianism for Alleviating Atopic Dermatitis 396 8.8. Vegetarianism for Improving Rheumatoid Arthritis 399 8.9. Autoimmune Diseases and Vegetarianism 404 8.10. Dual Selection Process of Immune Cells 407 8.11. Autoimmune Diseases 410 8.12. Comparison of Immune Status between Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians 413 8.13. Enzyme Nutrition 416 8.14. Conclusion 421 References 422 Chapter 9. Endocrine System and Vegetarianism 9.1. Types and Functions of the Endocrine System 427 9.2. Neuroendocrine System and Hormonal Phase 3 Signaling 430 The Effect of Dietary Cholesterol on Blood Steroid Hormones 433 9.3. Sex Hormones, Cancer, and Vegetarianism 435 9.4. Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Cancer Development Studies 436 9.5. Sex Hormone Binding Protein (SHBG) and Phytoestrogens 439 9.6. Phytoestrogens and SHBG 441 9.7. Berthold's Rooster Castration Experiment 444 9.8. Various Functions of Testosterone 446 9.9. Pranzal's Testosterone and Aggression Experiment 449 9.10. Vegetarianism and Changes in Blood Androgen Levels 452 9.11. The Balance of Insulin and Glucagon 454 9.12. Diabetes Prevention, Glycemic Index, and Glucose Tolerance of Whole Grains 456 9.13. Vegetarian Diet and Diabetes Prevention 458 9.14. Hyperinsulinemia and Metabolic Syndrome 460 9.15. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) and Drinking Behavior 462 Alcohol Consumption and the HPA System 462 Alcoholism, Anxiety, and Depression 464 9.16. Nicotine, Alcohol, Drugs, and the HPA Axis 466 Addiction and Psychosis 466 9.17. Comparison of Drinking and Smoking in Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians 469 9.18. Comparison of Cortisol Levels in Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians 471 9.19. Phytoestrogens and Cortisol 473 9.20. A Single Case Study of the Vegetarian Diet 474 9.21. Vegetarian Dietary Patterns Alleviate Depression and Anxiety 478 9.22. Epigenetics and Neuroendocrinology 480 References 484 Chapter 10. The Skin and Vegetarianism 10.1 Structure and Function of the Skin 491 Skin Color 491 Melanocytes 493 Hair 493 10.2. Baldness and Androgens 497 10.3. Acne and Androgens 499 10.4. Hirsutism and Androgens 503 10.5. Vitamin C and Skin Aging 506 10.6. Skin Cancer, UV Rays, and Dietary Patterns 508 10.7. Three Dietary Factors that Prevent Skin Cancer 510 10.8. Fatty Acid Types Also Important in Skin Cancer Prevention 512 References 515 Chapter 11. Understanding Recommended Dietary Allowances 11.1. Introduction 519 11.2. Discovery of Protein and Minerals as Essential Nutrients 521 11.3. Discovery of Vitamins as Essential Nutrients 522 11.4. Beriberi in Japanese Sailors and the Use of Brown Rice to Treat Beriberi in East Indian Settlers 523 11.5. Beriberi in East Indian Settlers and the Use of Rice Bran to Treat Beriberi 524 11.6. Discovery of Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble Vitamins 526 11.7. Standards for Essential Nutrients 528 11.8. Establishment of Recommended Dietary Allowances 529 11.9. Calculating the Standard Deviation of Nutrients 534 11.10. The Risks of Excessive Nutrient Intake 538 11.11. Recommended Protein Allowances and the Risks of Excessive Protein Intake in Koreans 542 11.12. Basal Metabolic Rate 547 11.13. Until recently, the History of Humanity was a History of Hunger 551 11.14. The Vegetarian Paradigm Revolution 554 Source 557 Chapter 12. Preventive Nutrition and Vegetarianism 12.1 Definition of Vegetarianism 563 12.2. The Trinity Vegetarian Food Group and the Trinity Vegetarian Diet 565 12.3 Reasons and Benefits of Vegetarianism 568 12.4 Vegetarian Books and the Spread of Vegetarianism 571 12.5 Health and Vegetarianism 574 12.6 Vegetarianism Reduces Annual Medical Costs by 35 to 70 Trillion Won 576 Source 579 Epilogue Vegetarianism and Life 585 Human Vegetarianism Evolutionary Hypothesis 585 Vegetarianism and Natural Healing 586 Vegetarianism, the Mind, and the Neuroendocrine System 588 Vegetarianism and Medical Expenses, a Sustainable Nation 590 Vegetarianism Policy and a Sustainable Nation 591